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數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)一(yi)般是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機實現(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)程序控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，因此數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)也稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)計(ji)算(suan)機數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(Computerized Numerical Control )，簡稱(cheng)(cheng)CNC，國外(wai)一(yi)般都稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)CNC，很少再(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)NC這個概念了(le)。 它所控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)常是位置、角度、速度等機械量(liang)和(he)(he)與機械能量(liang)流(liu)向有關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開關(guan)量(liang)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生依賴于數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據載(zai)體和(he)(he)二進(jin)(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)式數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據運算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)。1908年(nian)(nian)，穿(chuan)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬薄片互換(huan)式數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據載(zai)體問(wen)世(shi)(shi)；19世(shi)(shi)紀末，以紙為(wei)(wei)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據載(zai)體并(bing)具有輔助功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統被發(fa)(fa)明；1938年(nian)(nian)，香農在美國麻省理(li)(li)工學院(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據快(kuai)速運算(suan)和(he)(he)傳輸，奠(dian)定了(le)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代計(ji)算(suan)機，包(bao)括計(ji)算(suan)機數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)術是與機床控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密切結合發(fa)(fa)展起(qi)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。1952年(nian)(nian)，第一(yi)臺數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機床問(wen)世(shi)(shi)，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)世(shi)(shi)界機械工業(ye)史上一(yi)件(jian)劃時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事件(jian)，推動(dong)了(le)自動(dong)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。 現(xian)(xian)(xian)在，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)術也叫計(ji)算(suan)機數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)技(ji)術（CNC，Computerized Numerical Control），目前它是采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機實現(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)程序控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術。這種技(ji)術用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機按事先(xian)存(cun)貯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)程序來執(zhi)行對設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)軌跡和(he)(he)外(wai)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作時序邏輯控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功能。由于采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機替代原先(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)硬件(jian)邏輯電路組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)裝(zhuang)置，使輸入操(cao)作指令的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)貯、處(chu)理(li)(li)、運算(suan)、邏輯判斷等各種控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)，均可通(tong)過計(ji)算(suan)機軟件(jian)來完成(cheng)，處(chu)理(li)(li)生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微觀(guan)指令傳送給伺服(fu)驅動(dong)裝(zhuang)置驅動(dong)電機或(huo)液(ye)壓執(zhi)行元件(jian)帶動(dong)設(she)備(bei)運行。 　

傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)都是(shi)用(yong)手(shou)工(gong)操作普通機(ji)床作業的(de)(de)(de)(de)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)時用(yong)手(shou)搖動機(ji)械刀具(ju)切削金屬(shu)，靠眼睛用(yong)卡尺等工(gong)具(ju)測(ce)量(liang)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)精度的(de)(de)(de)(de)。現代工(gong)業早已使用(yong)電腦數(shu)字化控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)床進(jin)行作業了(le)(le)，數(shu)控機(ji)床可以按照技(ji)術人員事(shi)先編(bian)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程序自動對任何產品和零部(bu)件直接進(jin)行加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)就是(shi)我們(men)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)“數(shu)控加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)”。數(shu)控加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)廣泛應用(yong)在(zai)所有機(ji)械加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任何領域，更是(shi)模具(ju)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展趨(qu)勢和重(zhong)要(yao)和必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術手(shou)段。 　

“CNC”是(shi)英文Computerized Numerical Control（計算機(ji)數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)控(kong)制(zhi)）的(de)(de)縮寫。 數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)是(shi)按(an)照事(shi)先編制(zhi)好的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程序(xu)，自動(dong)地對被加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零件(jian)進行加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。我(wo)們把(ba)零件(jian)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)路線、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)參數(shu)(shu)、刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)軌(gui)跡、位移量、切削參數(shu)(shu)(主(zhu)軸轉數(shu)(shu)、進給量、背吃刀(dao)量等)以及(ji)輔助功能(換刀(dao)、主(zhu)軸正轉、反轉、切削液開、關等)，按(an)照數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)規定(ding)的(de)(de)指令代碼及(ji)程序(xu)格式編寫成加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程序(xu)單，再把(ba)這程序(xu)單中的(de)(de)內容記錄在控(kong)制(zhi)介質上(如穿孔紙(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)、磁(ci)帶(dai)(dai)、磁(ci)盤、磁(ci)泡存儲器(qi))，然后(hou)輸入到(dao)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)裝(zhuang)置中，從而指揮(hui)機(ji)床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零件(jian)。 　

這種從(cong)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)圖的(de)(de)分(fen)析到制(zhi)成(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)介質的(de)(de)全部過程(cheng)叫數(shu)(shu)控(kong)程(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)編制(zhi)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)與(yu)普(pu)(pu)通機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)加(jia)工(gong)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)區別(bie)(bie)在于控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)是按照程(cheng)序(xu)自動加(jia)工(gong)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)，而普(pu)(pu)通機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)要(yao)由人來操作(zuo)，我(wo)們只(zhi)要(yao)改變控(kong)制(zhi)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)動作(zuo)的(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)就可以達(da)到加(jia)工(gong)不同(tong)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。因此，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)特別(bie)(bie)適用于加(jia)工(gong)小批量且(qie)形狀(zhuang)復(fu)雜(za)要(yao)求精度高(gao)的(de)(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)。 　

由(you)于數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機(ji)床要按照(zhao)程序(xu)來加(jia)工(gong)(gong)零件，編程人員(yuan)編制(zhi)好程序(xu)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，輸入(ru)到(dao)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)裝置中來指揮機(ji)床工(gong)(gong)作。程序(xu)的(de)輸入(ru)是通過(guo)控(kong)制(zhi)介質來的(de)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)及裝備是發(fa)展新興高新技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)尖(jian)端工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)使能技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)最基(ji)本(ben)的(de)裝備。世界各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)信息產業(ye)(ye)(ye)、生物產業(ye)(ye)(ye)、航(hang)空(kong)、航(hang)天等國(guo)(guo)(guo)防(fang)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)廣泛采用(yong)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)，以(yi)(yi)提高制(zhi)造(zao)能力(li)和(he)(he)水平，提高對(dui)市場的(de)適應能力(li)和(he)(he)競爭能力(li)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家還將(jiang)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)及數(shu)(shu)控(kong)裝備列為國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)戰略物資，不僅大(da)力(li)發(fa)展自己的(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)及其產業(ye)(ye)(ye)，而且在"高精尖(jian)"數(shu)(shu)控(kong)關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)裝備方面(mian)對(dui)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)實行封鎖和(he)(he)限制(zhi)政策。因此大(da)力(li)發(fa)展以(yi)(yi)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)為核心的(de)先進制(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)已(yi)成為世界各(ge)發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家加(jia)速經(jing)濟發(fa)展、提高綜合(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家地位的(de)重(zhong)要途徑。